UC-NRLF 


LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


GIF"T  OF 
/• 


Class 


The  WESTINGHOUSE    COMPANIES   at  the 
INTERNATIONAL  RAILWAY  CONGRESS 


- 
UNIVERSITY 


OF 


A  Group  in  the   Westinghouse  Pavilion 
(Taken  by  the  Cooper  Hewitt  Light) 

George  A.  Post  George  Westinghouse  Charles  W.  Fairbanks 

Chairman  of  Exhibition  Committee  Vice-President  of  the  United  States 


J.  Alexander  Brown 
Director  of  Exhibits 


The  WESTINGHOUSE  COMPANIES 
EXHIBITS  at  the  INTERNATIONAL 
RAILWAY  CONGRESS,  WASHINGTON 
NINETEEN  HUNDRED  and  FIVE 


V; ._ .  i  - .  i  r    n 
°F_.     J 


Copyright,  1906,  by 

The   Westinghouse  Air  lirake  Company 

Wilmerding,  l*a. 


Prepared  by 

Wallace  M.  Probasco 

New  York 


Engravings  and  Printing  by  Bartlett  &  Company — The  Orr  Press — New  Yovk 


HE  first  session"  in  America  of  the  International  Railway 
Congress  and  the  seventh  session  of  that  body  was  held  at 
Washington,  the  Capital  of  the  United  States,  May  three 
to  thirteen,  nineteen  hundred  and  five.  On  so  notable  an 
occasion  it  was  eminently  fitting  that  the  display  of  American 
railway  appliances  installed  on  the  Washington  Monument 
grounds  for  the  inspection  of  the  delegates  should  have 
been  the  most  complete  manufacturers'  exhibit  ever  assembled 
as  a  feature  of  a  temporary  convention.  The  industrial 
exhibition  has  become  an  essential  part  of  meetings  of 
associations  concerned  with  engineering  progress.  This 
feature  assumed  a  new  dignity  in  the  American  Railway 
Appliance  Exhibition  at  Washington,  which  was  planned 
and  executed  in  a  spirit  of  international  courtesy,  and  to  the  distinguished  heads  of  a  great 
industry  assembled  from  all  parts  of  the  world  it  afforded  a  comprehensive  object  lesson 
of  America's  inventive  contributions  to  the  field  of  their  efforts. 

The  International  Railway  Congress  of  nineteen  hundred  and  five  recorded  many 
engineering  achievements  in  railway  development,  and  marked  the  advent  of  a  new  era 
in  transportation.  It  is  as  a  motive  power  that  electricity  is  most  rapidly  increasing  in 
importance.  The  manufacturers'  exhibition  at  Washington  earned  an  exceptional  place 
in  the  history  of  railway  science  in  its  operative  demonstration  of  the  merits  of  improved 
appliances,  methods,  and  machinery  for  the  better,  safer  and  more  comfortable  operation 
of  railways,  and  in  the  simplicity  and  economy  of  the  latest  types  of  electric  traction 
systems. 

Attendance  at  the  regular  sessions  of  a  serious  deliberative  assembly,  however, 
seldom  leaves  time  for  a  thorough  study  of  the  industrial  exhibits,  and  the  visiting 
delegates,  as  well  as  those  unable  to  register  at  conventions  to  which  they  have  been 
appointed,  must  look  to  the  future  for  a  final  understanding  and  appreciation  of  the 
products  to  which  their  attention  has  been  attracted.  The  broad  scope  of  the 
Washington  exhibits,  and  their  novelty  and  variety,  made  the  problem  of  the  foreign 
delegates  at  the  International  Railway  Congress  a  peculiarly  difficult  one  in  this  respect. 
For  the  further  information  of  those  who  were  interested  in  the  Westinghouse  exhibits 
at  New  York,  Washington,  and  East  Pittsburg,  and  for  the  pleasure  and  profit  of  those 
who  were  unable  to  attend  the  congress,  this  souvenir  is  presented  with  the  compliments 
of  the  Westinghouse  companies. 


158207 


THE  WESTINGHOUSE  COMPANIES 


THE    exhibits    of  the   Westinghouse   companies    at    the    International    Railway 
Congress    began    on    the    arrival    of    the    delegates    in    New    York    with    the 
inspection    of  the    power    plants,   train    equipment    and  signal   devices    of  the 
Interborough   Rapid  Transit  Company's  elevated  and  subway  lines,  and  of  the  other 
important  metropolitan  railway  systems.     At  Washington,  the  Westinghouse  products 
presented    the    most    notable  collection    of  railway  appliances  ever  shown   by  a   single 
exhibitor.     At   East  Pittsburg,  after  the  close  of  the  congress,  the  visit  of  the  delegates 
to  the  works  of  the  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Company,  the  Westinghouse  Electric  and 
'Manufacturing  Company,  and  of  the  Westinghouse  Machine  Company,  was  the  occasion 
for  the  introductory  exhibition  of  the  improved  Westinghouse  air  brake  triple  valve, 
and  of  the  first  large  single-phase  electric  locomotive  ever  built. 

The  Westinghouse  pavilion  at  Washington  was  the  largest  of  the  exhibition 
structures  apart  from  the  headquarters  building,  and  presented,  in  an  attractive  arrange- 
ment, examples  of  practically  all  the  important  products  of  the  American  Westinghouse 
companies  applicable  to  railway  service.  The  dome  was  lighted  with  four  long  electric 
signs  which  flashed  the  name  "  Westinghouse  "  to  great  distances,  and  near  the  entrances 
banners  carried  the  names  of  the  twenty-six  Westinghouse  companies  of  America  and 
Europe  which  supply  Westinghouse  products  to  all  parts  of  the  world  through  a  carefully 
arranged  division  of  territory  designed  to  ensure  their  manufacture  and  marketing  under 
conditions  of  the  greatest  economy. 

The  Westinghouse  companies  have  an  army  of  over  30,000  employees.  Their 
shops  and  forges  and  general  executive  offices  are  located  in  seven  States  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  in  England,  in  Russia,  in  Germany,  and  in  France  ; 
and  105  branch  offices  and  special  agencies  are  maintained  in  sixty-eight  cities  of  North 
and  South  America,  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Australia.  These  companies  were  the 
largest  exhibitors  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  of  1904,  and  it  was  a  Westing- 
house  generating  plant  that  supplied  light  and  power  to  the  exposition.  The  floor  space 
of  the  works  that  were  represented  was  142  acres,  or  an  area  greater  than  that  occupied 
by  the  twelve  great  exhibition  palaces  of  the  exposition.  The  Westinghouse  awards  at 
St.  Louis,  including  a  special  award  for  the  "  best,  most  complete,  and  most  attractive 
exhibit,"  and  twelve  grand  prizes,  were  the  most  comprehensive  list  of  highest  honors 
ever  bestowed  upon  one  individual  name  at  a  world's  fair. 

Westinghouse  products  include  railway  brakes,  coupler  appliances,  and  friction  draft 
gear;  switching  and  signaling  devices;  air  compressors;  gears,  pinions  and  trolleys; 
electrical  machinery,  instruments  and  controlling  apparatus ;  standard  electrical  fittings  ; 
incandescent,  arc,  Nernst  and  Cooper  Hewitt  lamps  ;  gas  and  water  meters  ;  Roney 
mechanical  stokers  ;  steam  engines,  steam  turbines,  and  gas  engines  ;  and  gasoline 
automobiles.  All  the  American  Westinghouse  works  were  represented  at  Washington 
by  exhibitions  of  these  products,  and  Westinghouse  Church  Kerr  &  Company,  engineers, 
whose  activities  are  directed  wholly  toward  the  investigation,  design  and  construction  of 
power,  industrial  and  transportation  properties,  was  represented  by  large  photographic 
illustrations  and  drawings  of  work  done. 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


The   Westinghouse  Pavilion  at   Night 


ESTINGHOUSE  brakes,  first  manufactured  at  Pittsburg 
nearly  two  generations  ago,  have  played  such  an  important 
part  in  the  advancement  of  railway  science,  and  have  univer- 
sally become  so  essential  a  feature  of  railway  equipment,  that 
the  comprehensive  exhibits  of  Westinghouse  railway  safety 
appliances  were  of  pre-eminent  interest  to  many  of  the 
delegates  to  the  congress.  The  Westinghouse  Air  Brake 
Company,  organized  in  1869,  was  the  first  of  the  Westing- 
house  companies,  and  had  earned  a  high  reputation  for 
Westinghouse  products  around  the  world  long  before  the 
appearance  of  the  first  Westinghouse  engine  or  generator.  Its 
main  works  at  Wilmerding,  Pennsylvania,  fifteen  miles  east 
of  the  Pittsburg  Union  Station,  have  3000  employees  and 
a  capacity  of  1000  brake  sets  a  day.  Its  chief  operative  exhibit  at  Washington  was 
the  famous  Westinghouse  instruction  car,  which  has  been  used  throughout  the  United 
States  and  Canada  in  the  instruction  of  more  than  200,000  railroad  employees.  Complete 
operative  demonstrations  of  the  various  Westinghouse  brake  and  train-signal  systems  for 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


passenger  and  freight  service  were  given  in  this  car,  on  the  tracks  near  the  Monument 
grounds,  by  the  company's  regular  instruction  corps.  In  the  Westinghouse  pavilion, 
the  display  included  sectional  models  of  Westinghouse  brake  valves,  governors,  and 
cylinders,  and  of  improved  types  of  Westinghouse  steam-driven  air  pumps  for  railway 
and  industrial  service,  and  operative  exhibits  of  the  Westinghouse  friction  draft  gear  ; 
of  a  new  Westinghouse  device  for  the  automatic  coupling  of  the  drawbar,  brake,  and 
electrical  connections  between  cars  in  electric  traction  service  ;  of  the  electric  railway 
brakes  and  motor-driven  air  compressors  of  the  Westinghouse  Traction  Brake  Company, 
also  manufactured  at  the  Wilmerding  plant  of  the  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Company  ; 
of  the  locomotive  brake  equipments  and  automatic  slack  adjusters  of  the  American  Brake 
Company  ;  and  the  automatic  railway  hose  couplers  of  the  Westinghouse  Automatic  Air 
and  Steam  Coupler  Company,  affiliated  institutions,  with  factories  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri ; 
and  of  full-size  installations  of  all  standard  types  of  the  safety  apparatus  of  the  Union 
Switch  and  Signal  Company. 

The  products  represented  in  these  exhibits  are  also  manufactured  or  sold  abroad  by 
the  Westinghouse  Brake  Company,  Limited,  which  supplies  Westinghouse  railway  safety 
appliances  to  all  of  Europe  except  France,  Russia,  Belgium,  Switzerland,  Spain,  Portugal, 
Holland  and  Italy,  from  factories  in  London  and  Hanover  ;  by  the  Canadian 


Electric  Traction  Coupler  Model — Brake  Exhibits 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


View  of  Main   Aisle — Westinghouse  Pavilion 

Westinghouse  Company,  Limited,  which  supplies  Canada  from  its  works  at  Hamilton, 
Ontario  ;  by  the  Societe  Anonyme  Westinghouse,  which  supplies  France,  Belgium, 
Switzerland,  Spain,  Portugal,  Holland  and  Italy,  and  their  colonies  and  protectorates, 
from  its  works  at  Freinville,  France ;  and  by  the  Societe  Anonyme  Westinghouse, 
which  supplies  the  Russian  Empire  in  Europe  and  Asia  from  its  works  at  St.  Petersburg. 
The  demonstration  of  the  Westinghouse  high-speed  brake,  which  has  been  adopted 
in  the  fast  passenger  service  of  America  more  quickly  than  in  that  of  other  countries, 
was  naturally  of  unusual  interest  to  delegates  from  abroad.  The  advent  of  the 
Westinghouse  air  brake  in  1869  heralded  a  new  era  in  transportation  in  which  the 
question  of  speed  was  to  become  one  of  locomotive  efficiency  and  economy  rather  than 
of  control,  and  it  was  inevitable  that  its  introduction  should  have  encouraged  the 
establishment  of  new  standards  of  locomotive  and  coach  construction  for  higher  speeds 
and  greater  power,  and  for  the  better  protection  and  increased  comfort  of  the  passenger. 
Improvements  in  Westinghouse  braking  methods,  announced  from  time  to  time,  have 
anticipated  each  important  requirement  of  railroad  development,  and  the  operative 
demonstration  at  Washington  of  the  high-speed  brake  equipment  strikingly  directed 
attention  to  the  rapid  extension  of  fast  railway  schedules  which  has  made  the  application 
of  increased  braking  power,  properly  controlled,  so  desirable  in  general  passenger  service. 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad's  240-1011  Articulating  Compound  Locomotive   Equipped  with  Air  Brake  Apparatus 

The  Westinghouse  high-speed 
brake,  with  which  about  30,000 
locomotives  and  passenger  cars 
have  been  equipped  to  date,  permits 
the  effective  use  of  a  braking  pres- 
sure for  high  speeds  forty  per  cent, 
greater  than  the  maximum  of  ordi- 
nary practice,  and  a  safe  increase  of 
sixty  per  cent,  in  auxiliary  reservoir 
pressure  to  augment  the  general 
storage  capacity  of  the  brake  equip- 
ment for  repeated  service  stops  or 
long  brake  applications  on  down- 
grade runs.  The  high-speed  equip- 
ment differs  from  the  ordinary 
quick-action  apparatus  only  in  the 
addition  of  an  automatic  reducing 
valve  connected  to  each  brake 
cylinder,  which  is  inert  in  all 
service  applications  of  the  brake 
except  when  the  cylinder  pressure 
exceeds  60  pounds,  whereupon  it 

Operates    quickly    tO    discharge    the  Steam-driven  Air  Pumps,  Compound   1'ump  on   Left 


INTERNATIONAL          RAILWAY          CONGRESS 


Models  of  Westinghouse-American  Driver  Brakes 

surplus  pressure  ;  but  in  an  emergency  application  of  the  brakes  the  admission  of  air 
into  the  brake  cylinders  from  both  the  auxiliary  reservoirs  and  the  train  line  is 
through  openings  so  much  larger  than  the  exhaust  ports  of  the  reducing  valves 
that  the  excess  pressure  is  reduced  gradually,  and  is  maintained  for  a  length  of  time 
sufficient  for  the  slackening  of  the  train's  speed  to  a  speed  at  which  the  6o-pound  limit 
is  the  maximum  efficient  pressure.  In  service  applications,  of  course,  the  automatic 
release  of  any  pressure  above  the  ordinary  fixed  limit  ensures  an  even  diffusion  of 
retarding  force  throughout  the  train  not  otherwise  obtainable. 

Additional  special  parts  on  the  locomotive — one  slide  valve  feed  valve  ;  one  feed 
valve  pipe  bracket ;  one  reversing  cock  ;  two  high-speed  reducing  valves — provide  a 
simple  means  of  cutting  off  the  high-speed  pressure  so  that  trains  which  include  cars 
not  equipped  with  the  automatic  reducing  valve  may  be  run  under  conditions  of  ordinary 
service,  or  temporary  provision  may  be  made  for  the  operation  of  such  cars  at  high 
speeds  by  screwing  into  the  oiling  hole  of  the  cylinder  head  on  each  car  a  special 
safety  valve  which  may  be  removed  at  will.  The  entire  high-speed  brake  apparatus,  as 
exhibited  at  Washington,  is  an  interesting  example  of  the  Westinghouse  Air  Brake 
Company's  well-known  policy  of  harmonizing  all  its  improved  devices  with  equipment 
already  in  service,  by  simple  and  effective  attachments  to  former  standards. 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


The  exhibit  of  the  Westinghouse  tandem  compound  air  pump,  only  recently  applied  to 
American  railway  practice,  was  of  particular  interest  in  connection  with  the  high-speed 
brake  demonstration.  As  the  work  of  the  locomotive  pump  has  been  increased  by  the 
rapid  increase  in  the  weight  and  length  of  trains  and  by  the  advent  of  the  high-speed 
brake,  its  consumption  of  steam  has  become  an  item  of  some  importance,  and  the  com- 
pound pump,  which  requires  for  the  compression  of  free  air  only  about  forty-five  per  cent, 
of  that  required  by  the  standard  n-inch  pump,  and  effects  a  still  greater  saving  in  high- 
pressure  service,  promises  a  considerable  fuel  economy.  In  general  appearance,  although 
somewhat  longer,  it  resembles  the  single  air  cylinder  pump,  but  has  three  cylinders  placed 
vertically  in  tandem — the  two  lower  ones,  joined  by  a  thin  center  piece,  constituting  the 
air  end,  and  the  upper  one  a  steam  cylinder  of  the  regular  Westinghouse  type.  The 
two  air  cylinders  are  of  the  same  diameter,  1 1  inches,  but  the  steam  cylinder,  to  effect  a 
steam  economy,  is  only  8  inches  in  diameter.  The  two  air  cylinders  each  have  a  piston 
connected  to  the  steam  piston  rod,  and  are  further  connected  by  a  drum  of  smaller 
diameter  than  the  inside  of  the  cylinders,  the  two  air  pistons  and  this  drum  forming  a 
sort  of  spool  about  which  the  center  piece  between  the  air  cylinders  fits  closely  to  prevent 
the  passage  of  air.  The  low-pressure  air  is  drawn  into  the  top  of  the  upper  cylinder, 
and  the  bottom  of  the  lower  cylinder,  and  during  compression  is  forced  through  suitable 


Friction  Draft  Gear  Testing   Rack,   160,000   Pounds  Pressure 


INTERNATIONAL          RAILWAY          CONGRESS 


sssss 

WILMERDINO.PA 


Operative  Exhibit  of  Magnetic  Traction  Brake,  Surmounted  by  Car  Models  Equipped  with  Air  Brakes 

and  Automatic  Hose  Couplers 

valves  and  passages  to  the  annular  volume  formed  between  the  spool,  air  cylinder  walls, 
and  center  piece.  The  final  compression  takes  place  in  this  annular  volume,  and  the  air 
is  forced  out  through  the  passages  and  valves  in  the  center  piece  to  the  discharge 
opening,  the  pressures  on  the  air  piston  as  a  whole  being  double-acting,  and  the 
opportunity  for  heat  radiation  and  consequent  reduction  of  temperature  of  the  air 
discharge  being  twice  that  of  the  simple  pump  because  the  total  air  cylinder  surface  of 
the  compound  pump  is  of  twice  the  area. 

The  exhibit  of  the  well-known  Westinghouse  friction  draft  gear,  with  which  about 
120,000  freight  cars  and  over  5000  locomotive 
tenders  have  been  equipped  to  date,  comprised 
a  testing  rack  on  which  the  friction  gear  was 
compressed  with  an  air  force  of  approximately 
150,000  pounds,  and  sectional  models  to  show 
clearly  the  friction  device,  and  the  arrangement 
of  the  preliminary  springs,  which  receive  the 
first  strains  of  buffing  or  pulling,  and  of  the 
release  springs,  which  return  the  iron  segments  Freight  Car  Brake  Cylinder 


OF 


•) 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


Operative  Exhibit  of  the  Westinghouse  Automatic  Air  and  Steam  Coupler 

and  friction  strips  of  the  gear  to  their  normal  position  after  impact.  The  testing  rack 
afforded  an  excellent  demonstration  of  the  slow  and  serial  release  of  these  segments  and 
strips,  without  recoil — a  feature  of  great  importance  in  the  Westinghouse  device  in  that 
it  eliminates  wholly  the  possibility  of  the  parting  of  trains  either  by  the  quick  release  of 
the  draft  gear  from  compressive  strain,  or  by  direct  tensile  strain  in  starting. 

The  display  of  the  Westinghouse  Traction  Brake  Company,  which  supplies 
Westinghouse  air  brake  equipments  adapted  to  all  classes  of  electric  railway  service, 
included  an  interesting  exhibit  of  the  Westinghouse  magnetic  brake,  which  is  operated 
by  power  derived  from  the  motors  of  an  electric  car  driven  as  generators  by  the 
momentum  of  the  car  after  the  line  current  has  been  cut  off.  In  all  service  where 
heavy  grades  are  encountered,  the  magnetic  brake's  superior  feature  of  automatic  speed 
control  has  been  clearly  demonstrated,  and  in  England,  where  this  brake  has  been  widely 
adopted,  its  popularity  has  steadily  increased. 

The  exhibits  of  the  American  Brake  Company  included  full-size  models  of 
Westinghouse-American  driver  brake  equipments  and  sectional  models  of  the  American 
automatic  slack  adjuster,  a  simple  device  for  automatically  taking  up  the  slack  in  the 
foundation  brake  gear  which  far  excels  any  other  mechanism  designed  for  that  purpose. 

THE  operative  demonstration  of  the  Westinghouse  automatic  air  and  steam  coupler, 
which  has  been  in  effective  use  on  various  American  railroads,  East  and  West,  for 
some  time  past,  was  of  novel  interest  to  delegates  from  Europe,  where  confusion  of 
drawbar  standards  has  delayed  its  adoption.  The  device  was  exhibited  on  full-size 
models  of  two  short  car  platforms  arranged  to  represent  the  ends  of  passenger  and  freight 
cars,  together  with  a  locomotive  pilot.  These  cars  and  pilot  were  provided  with  air  and 
steam  connections,  one  car  platform  being  so  mounted  as  to  permit  a  variation  of  four  inches 
in  its  height  and  a  propulsion  at  considerable  momentum  toward  either  the  pilot  on  one  end 
or  the  other  car  platform  on  the  other.  Provision  was  also  made  for  the  illustration  of 
successful  hose  couplings  at  extreme  curves.  A  miniature  model  of  two  complete  car 
trucks  and  frames  fitted  with  brake  and  steam  and  signal  hose  couplings  and  air  cylinders 
supplemented  the  heavy  exhibit,  and  both  were  in  constant  operation.  The  substitution  of 
unfailing  mechanical  device  for  slow  and  uncertain  hand  process  has  had  much  to  do  with  the 


16 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


The  Westinghouse  Automatic  Air  and  Steam  Coupler 


railroad  progress  of  the 
past  half  century.  The 
air  brake,  safeguarding 
the  traveler  at  new  high 
speeds,  and  the  automatic 
car  coupler,  protecting 
the  railroad  worker 
against  unnecessary  dan- 
ger to  life,  and  effecting 
also  a  radical  improve- 
ment of  schedule  at 
terminal  stations  and 
elsewhere,  attracted 
general  public  interest  at 
the  time  of  their  intro- 
duction and  adoption. 
Quick  recognition  of  the 
merits  of  the  automatic  car  coupler  had  led  to  inquiry  for  an  automatic  device  in  lieu  of 
the  ordinary  hand  hose  couplings  for  the  air  and  steam  connections  between  cars,  and 

it  was  natural  that  the 
Westinghouse  Air  Brake 
Company,  which  during 
its  existence  has  equipped 
with  the  air  brake  over 
90,000  locomotives  and 
over  2,000,000  passenger 
and  freight  cars,  should 
have  foreseen  the  neces- 
sity of  such  a  device,  and 
that  the  result  of  its 
experiments  should  be 
the  only  automatic  hose 
coupling  device  which, 
after  a  thorough  trial,  is 
accepted  as  satisfactory. 
The  exhibits  of  the 
Westinghouse  Automatic 
Air  and  Steam  Coupler 
Company  at  Washington 
showed  in  operation, 
under  all  exigencies  of 
regular  service,  a  simple, 
substantial,  automatic 
hose  connection  which 

Motor-driven  Air  Compressors.     Automatic  Slack  Adjuster  in  Section— on  Floor  achieves  fully  the  objects 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


in  view  in  the  endeavor  to  do  away  with  the  common  method  of  hand  clamping  of 
intercar  hose  connections — the  elimination  of  all  element  of  danger  to  railroad  employees 
engaged  in  making  up  and  distributing  trains,  the  avoidance  of  terminal  congestion  by 
the  saving  of  time  in  such  work,  economy  in  the  use  of  coupling  hose  (which  the  New 
York  Central  Railroad  has  estimated  at  about  fifty-five  per  cent,  of  the  old  cost  in 
hand-clamping  practice)  and  the  provision  for  automatic  uncoupling  of  hose  without 
strain  of  any  kind  on  the  apparatus  in  the  event  of  the  parting  of  the  train  by  accident. 

Westinghouse  automatic  hose  couplings  are  interchangeable,  with  no  lefts  or 
rights.  The  coupling  head,  which  is  under  all  conditions  protected  from  injury  by  the 
car  coupler  to  which  it  is  attached, 
is  of  malleable  iron,  having  V  and 
wedge  -  shaped  guides  projecting 
toward  the  front,  and  an  outwardly 
bent  spring  firmly  riveted  to  the 
back.  It  is  supported  by  the  coup- 
ling spring  resting  in  a  slotted 
buffer  hanger,  the  hanger  being 
bolted  to  a  cast-steel  bracket  riveted 
to  the  drawbar.  1 1  is  held  in  position 
by  a  chain  attached  to  the  drawbar 
knuckle  pin,  and  will  adapt  itself 
in  coupling  to  differences  in  height 
of  cars  or  angles  of  contact  which 
would  not  permit  the  operation  of 
the  automatic  car  coupler  itself. 
The  buffer  hanger  embodies  a  cup- 
shaped  buffing  piece  held  forward 
by  a  volute  spring,  the  car  coupler 
itself  checking  the  impact  during 
coupling  before  the  buffer  spring 
of  the  automatic  hose  coupling 
has  been  fully  compressed.  The 
positive  engagement  of  the  con- 
nections is  effected  without  friction 
or  wear  on  the  gaskets.  The  auto- 
matic drip  valve  at  the  lowest  point 
in  the  steam  connection  never  fails 
to  permit  the  condensation  to  escape 
at  a  low  pressure,  so  that  freezing 
is  entirely  avoided.  The  impor- 
tance of  an  interchange  arrangement 
for  use  in  connection  with  the 
old  hand  couplings  has  not  been 
overlooked,  provision  being  made 
for  accomplishing  this  in  a  number 


Wilmerding,   the  Home  of   the    An 
Brake,  Showing  the  Main  Works 
The  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Com- 
pany, Surrounded  by  the  Works  of 
Affiliated  Air  Brake  Companies. 
Hanover  (Germany)  Brake  Works. 


'"•      "**^    -     ' 


18 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY         CONGRESS 


of  ways  in  little  more  than  the  time  necessary  for  the  usual  couplings  under  the  old 
method.  The  automatic  hose  coupler  has  recently  been  brought  into  new  prominence 
as  the  only  device  promising  a  prevention  of  the  high  steam  losses  in  train-line  service 
which  have  been  so  seriously  discussed  by  railroad  economists,  and  the  adoption  in  the 
United  States  of  a  Federal  enactment  requiring  air  brake  connections  on  seventy-five  per 
cent,  of  all  cars  in  freight  train  service  has  given  new  importance  to  its  features  of  time 
economy,  which  promise  the  surest  possible  means  of  avoiding  the  schedule  delays 
likely  to  ensue  in  train  dispatching  from  the  enforcement  of  such  a  regulation. 


3.  St.  Louis  (Missouri)  Brake  Works. 

4.  London  (England)  Brake  Works. 

5.  St.  Petersburg  (Russia)  Brake  Works 

6.  Canadian  Brake  Works. 

7.  Freinville  (France)  Brake  Works. 


'9 


R3ITY 

>^? 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


THE  exhibits  of  the  various  automatic  and  interlocking  switching  and  signal 
devices  of  the  Union  Switch  and  Signal  Company  included  the  well-known  types  of 
its  electro-pneurriatic  and  all-electric  semaphore  block  signal  and  high-speed  electric 
train  staff  systems,  new  forms  of  Kopp  glass  lenses,  and  a  new  system  of  all-electric 
interlocking  of  exceptional  importance  and  interest.  The  exhibit  of  the  company's 
train  staff  system  attracted  special  attention  in  connection  with  the  announcement,  just 
prior  to  the  congress,  of  the  contract  awarded  for  its  use  in  the  equipment  of  about  no 
miles  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad's  western  line  between  Rockwell  and  Truckee  with 
seventy-four  high  speed  absolute  instruments  and  twelve  permissive  attachments — by  far 
the  largest  order  ever  given  to  that  time  for  a  train  staff  installation. 

Electricity  as   the  motive  and  controling   force  for  both    the    operation    and    the 

indication  of  the  switches  and 
signals  in  the  new  Union  sys- 
tem of  all-electric  interlocking, 
was  demonstrated  in  the  exhibit 
in  an  operative  arrangement 
of  a  short  track  section,  com- 
plete with  a  full-sized  railroad 
switch  and  switch  lever,  the 
latter  fitted  with  an  automatic 
device  for  completing  the 
stroke  after  the  switch  had 
been  operated.  It  has  been  a 
comparatively  simple  matter 
to  adapt  electric  motors  to  the 
operation  of  switches  or  sig- 
nals, but  it  has  been  a  problem 
of  extreme  difficulty  to  apply 
the  all-electric  system  for 
certain  and  trustworthy  opera- 
tion of  lever  interlocking  for 
the  indication  of  the  switch 
or  signal  operations.  This 
problem  is  satisfactorily 
solved  in  the  Union  system 
exhibited  at  Washington  by 
the  use  of  currents  of  one 
character  for  the  operation  of 
the  switches  and  signals,  and 
currents  of  a  different  character 
for  actuating  the  mechanism 
of  indication.  Direct  current 
is  employed  for  the  former 
purpose,  and  alternating  cur- 


Interlocking  Motor-operated  Dwarf  Signal 


rent    for  the    latter    purpose, 


INTERNATIONAL          RAILWAY          CONGRESS 


The  Exhibit  of  the  Union  Switch  and  Signal  Company 

both  being  obtained  from  the  same  source — generally  a  storage  battery — the  direct 
current  being  converted  into  alternating  current  at  the  proper  time  and  in  the  proper 
circuit  by  a  very  simple  method  adding  practically  nothing  to  the  cost  or  complication  of 
the  apparatus.  The  use  of  currents  of  different  character  for  operation  and  indication 
is  an  absolute  safeguard  against  the  misleading  manifestations  which  might  otherwise 
result  from  faulty  insulation,  and  the  switches  and  signals  are  protected  against  improper 
movement,  which  might  result  from  stray  currents  through  faulty  or  broken-down 
insulation,  by  means  of  a  magnet  cut-out  in  connection  with  each  switch  and  signal, 
which  opens  the  circuit  when  a  wire  leading  to  it  becomes  crossed  with  a  live  wire. 
This  cut-out  acts  independently,  without  affecting  any  other  switch  or  signal  in  the 
system,  a  decided  improvement  over  anything  heretofore  used  or  known  for  this 
purpose.  The  motors  for  operating  the  switches  and  signals  are  of  the  revolving 
armature  type,  the  armatures  connected  with  the  mechanism  to  be  moved  by  means  of 
electro-magnetic  clutches,  which  afford  a  very  simple  and  reliable  means  for  connecting 
and  disconnecting,  and  are  at  the  same  time  a  safeguard  against  shocks  to  the  mechanism 
which  might  result  from  the  obstruction  of  the  switchpoints  in  any  way.  The  lever 
machine  is  operated  by  vertical  alternating  current  motors  at  the  back,  equipped  with 
vertical  shafts  to  which  are  applied  ordinary  ball  governors,  the  indicating  latches  on  the 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


A  New  York  Subway  Entrance 


lever  quadrants  being  raised  when  the  motors  revolve  and   the  governor  balls  fly  apart, 
and  the  stroke  of  the  lever  being  completed  manually  or  automatically. 

Three  different  forms  of  Union  electric  block 
signal  semaphores  were  included  in  the  operative 
display :  a  two-position  automatic  instrument,  a  three- 
position  automatic  instrument,  and  a  two-arm  inter- 
locking signal.  The  exhibit  of  Kopp  signal  glass 
included  important  new  forms  of  dioptric  lenses,  with 
five  steps,  to  take  the  place  of  the  lenses  of  three 
refraction  steps  formerly  used,  the  new  design  being 
introduced  to  eliminate  the  possibility  of  the  distor- 
tion of  refracting  surfaces  which  sometimes  results  in 
old-style  lenses  through  the  "  settling  down  "  of  the 
three  high  steps  so  as  to  produce  concave  elevations. 
The  absolute  quality  of  the  Kopp  "  solid-red  "  signal 
glass  was  demonstrated  in  an  interesting  manner  through  the  use  of  the  spectroscope 
pointed  at  Cooper  Hewitt  mercury  vapor  lamps  hung  overhead.  The  Cooper  Hewitt 
lamp,  as  is  well  known,  emits  no  red  rays,  and,  as  the  Kopp  "  solid-red  "  lenses  will 
transmit  no  other  color,  the  brilliant  actinic  light  of  the  mercury  lamps  was  completely 
obscured  when  the  Kopp  glass  was  placed  between  it  and  the  spectrum. 

Westinghouse  switch  and  signal  devices  have  been  widely  introduced  in  all  parts  of 
the  world,  but  the  acknowledged  leadership  of  the  Union  Switch  and  Signal  Company 
in  America,  and  the  magnitude  and  novelty  of  many  of  its  American  terminal  installa- 
tions and  of  its  block  signal  equipment  of  the  New  York  subway  roads — the  most 
difficult  job  of  signal  installation  ever  undertaken — gave  special  prominence  to  the 
company's  exhibits  in  the  Westinghouse  pavilion,  which  were  generally  regarded  as 
comprising  one  of  the  most  important  displays  of  improved  railway  appliances  set  before 
the  congress.  This  company's  greatest  exhibits,  however,  were  its  systems  in  operation 
over  the  roads  traveled  by  the  delegates  and  its  modern  terminal  installations,  notably 
at  the  new  South  Station,  Boston  ;  at  the  Broad  Street 
Station,  Philadelphia  ;  at  the  Jersey  City  and  Pittsburg 
terminals  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  ;  and  at  the  new 
Union  Station  at  St.  Louis,  which  has  the  largest  power 
interlocking  system  in  the  world.  The  St.  Louis 
system  includes  one  Westinghouse  interlocking  machine 
of  two  hundred  and  fifteen  levers  which  is  worked  in 
connection  with  two  smaller  Westinghouse  machines 
of  similar  type. 

The  New  York  subway  installation  furnished  an 
interesting  example  of  the  Union  electro-pneumatic 
signal  system,  with  alternating  current  control,  for 
direct  current  electric  railways,  in  which  a  track  relay 
operated  by  alternating  current  is  not  affected  by 
the  direct  current  returning  through  the  track 


circuit. 


Union  Signal  in  New  York  Subway 


INTERNATIONAL          RAILWAY         CONGRESS 


All-electric  Interlocking  Operative  Exhibit,  Switch  Movement,  Electric  Train  Staff  in  Background 


The  subway  traffic  controlled  by  the  Union  installation  is  frequent,  heavy,  and  fast ; 
the  quantity  of  current  dealt  with  is  heavy  ;  and  the  spaces  are  restricted ;  but  the  record 
of  a  single  month's  operation,  shortly  after  the  opening  of  the  road,  showed  464,694 
signal  operations  for  each  failure  reported,  and  no  failure  to  the  clear  position — a  record 
which  has  never  been  equaled  in  any  other  block  signal  installation. 

The  Union  Switch  and  Signal  Company  was  founded  by  George  Westinghouse  in 
1882.  Its  new  shops  at  Swissvale,  eight  miles  east  of  the  Pittsburg  Union  Station,  were 
completed  in  1901,  and  give  employment  to  about  fifteen  hundred  men  and  to  a  force 
of  about  five  hundred  men  in  the  field. 

This  company  has  taken  orders  for  over  four  thousand  electro-pneumatic  inter- 
locking levers,  and  has  sold  in  the  past  few  years  over  twelve  thousand  all-electric  signals 
alone.  It  is  the  only  company  in  America  manufacturing  and  installing  the  electric 
train  staff  system,  the  best  general  method  of  signal  track  blocking.  It  very  early 
secured  control  in  America  of  the  famous  Saxby  and  Farmer  mechanical  interlocking 
patents,  and  subsequently  originated  and  developed  power  interlocking,  and  installed 
hydraulic  and  hydro-pneumatic  machines.  These  were  followed  by  the  Westinghouse 
electro-pneumatic  machine,  which  has  maintained  from  the  first  its  standing  as  the 
highest  development  of  power  interlocking. 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


Single-phase  Car,  Indianapolis  and   Cincinnati 
Traction  Company 


THE  Westinghouse  electric  traction  exhibits  were  remarkable  as  the  first  complete 
operative  display  of  both  direct  current  and  alternating  current  motor  and  control 
equipments  ever  made  at  an  exposition.  The 
Westinghouse  single-phase  alternating  current 
railway  system,  the  most  important  of  America's 
pioneer  contributions  to  electric  traction  during 
the  past  few  years,  was  of  preeminent  interest  to 
those  delegates  to  the  congress  who  had  watched 
the  uninterrupted  progress  of  the  electric  railway 
from  its  elementary  stage  of  a  limited  municipal 
usefulness  to  its  recent  wide  adoption  as  a  success- 
ful competitor  of  the  steam  railroad  in  high-speed 
interurban  service.  With  the  exception  of  the 
Swedish  Government's  tests  of  a  small  Westing- 
house  single-phase  locomotive  built  for  trial 
operation,  the  first  applications  of  the  Westing- 
house  alternating  current  railway  system  had  all  been  in  America, so  that  the  car  truck  exhibit 
in  the  Washington  pavilion,  and  the  later  exhibit  of  a  single-phase  electric  freight  locomo- 
tive on  the  tracks  of  the  Westinghouse  Inter-works  Railway  at  East  Pittsburg,  afforded 
to  most  of  the  delegates  from  abroad  the  first  illustration  of  the  great  possibilities  of  the 
new  system  in  the  final  evolution  of  electric  traction  as  a  substitute  for  steam  locomotion 
in  important  long-distance  traffic.  The  significance  of  the  Westinghouse  electric 
traction  exhibits  at  Washington  was  strikingly  emphasized  shortly  after  the  close  of  the 
congress  by  the  order  placed  by  the  New  York,  New  Haven  and  Hartford  Railroad 
for  twenty-five  Westinghouse  single-phase  locomotives,  the  most  interesting  step  of  the 
past  ten  years  in  railway  and  electrical  progress.  While  the  New  Haven  locomotives  will 
be  used  at  first  mainly  over  the  direct  current  electric  lines  of  the  transformed  New  York 
Central  terminal  system,  it  was  chiefly  in  contemplation  of  the  eventual  electrical 

operation  of  at  least  a  part  of  the 
New  Haven's  main  lines  on  an 
alternating  current  system  that  the 
railroad's  engineers  decided  upon 
the  single-phase  equipment.  This 
•provision  for  the  future  is  made 
possible  by  the  feature  of  the  adapt- 
ability of  the  new  Westinghouse 
motor  to  either  alternating  current  or 
direct  current  service. 

The  story  of  the  tremendous 
advances  of  the  past  twenty  years  in 
electrical  science  is  primarily  the  story 
of  the  wide  application  of  the  alter- 
nating current  system.  When  George 
Westinghouse  began  the  manufacture 

Westinghouse  Single-phase  Locomotive  Used  in  5  5 

Swedish  Government  Tests  of    electrical     apparatus     in      1886, 


24 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


eighteen  years  after  his  invention  of  the  air  brake,  the  theoretical  possibilities  of  elec- 
tricity were  fully  appreciated,  but  little  progress  had  been  made  in  the  solution  of  the 
problems  of  its  practical  use.  The  Westing- 
house  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company, 
through  its  early  championship  of  the  alter- 
nating current  system  of  high  voltage  power 
transmission,  at  once  assumed  a  prominent 
part  in  the  development  of  the  new  industry, 
has  grown  in  pace  with  it,  and  has  consistently 
maintained  to  the  present  day  its  leadership 
in  electrical  inventive  achievement.  In  its 
first  year  of  business,  it  installed  several  small 
alternating  current  plants  for  generating 
electricity  at  high  voltages  to  be  transmitted 
over  wide  areas  and  transformed  at  various 
distributing  points  to  the  low  voltages  of 
electric  lighting  circuits.  Two  years  later, 
it  followed  this  conclusive  demonstration  of 
the  feasibility  of  the  alternating  current 
system  with  the  introduction  of  new  types 
of  Westinghouse  motors  by  which  alternating 
current  was  made  available  for  power  pur- 
poses. Its  introduction,  in  1889,  of  the 
rotary  converter,  for  transforming  at  regular  intervals  along  electric  railway  routes 
alternating  current  transmitted  at  high  voltages  from  a  central  generating  station 
into  direct  current  for  the  trolley  circuits,  revolutionized  electric  traction  methods. 
In  New  York  City  alone,  in  the  Westinghouse  electrical  equipment  of  the  elevated 
and  subway  lines  of  the  Interborough  Rapid  Transit  Company,  eighteen  Westinghouse 
alternating  current  generators  of  an  aggregate  capacity  of  about  140,000  horse- 
power, and  eighty  Westinghouse  rotary  converters  of  an  aggregate  capacity  of  about 
160,000  horse-power,  have  been  supplied.  The  brilliant  success  of  the  Westing- 
house  alternating  current  electric  lighting  installation  won  for  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  a  notable  place  in  the  history  of  electricity.  The  ten  5000  horse-power 


Westinghouse  Single-phase  Locomotive 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


Westinghouse  alternating  current  generators  installed  in  the  first  plant  of  the  Niagara 
Falls  Power  Company,  although  of  less  than  half  the  capacity  of  the  record-breaking 
Westinghouse  generators  recently  installed  in  the  plant  of  the  Ontario  Power  Company, 
on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  Falls,  were,  for  a  number  of  years,  the  largest  generators  in 
the  world. 

When  it  became  apparent,  in  1890,  that  the  alternating  current  motor  as  then 
manufactured  was  not  adaptable  for  railway  service,  the  Westinghouse  Company,  after 
the  acquisition  of  the  electric  manufacturing  plant  of  the  United  States  Electric  Lighting 
Company,  at  Newark,  New  Jersey,  began  the  manufacture  of  direct  current  railway 
motors,  of  which  it  has  produced  to  date  over  75,000,  of  an  aggregate  capacity  of  about 
2,500,000  horse-power.  It  has  long  been  evident,  however,  that  the  elimination  of  the 
expensive  rotary  converter  sub-station  is  essential  to  the  prospects  of  success  of  any  plans 
for  the  general  electrification  of  long-distance  steam  trunk  railroads  or  the  construction 
of  long-distance  mterurban  trolley  lines  in  sparsely  settled  districts,  and  the  Westinghouse 
Company,  in  its  perfection  of  the  single-phase  railway  motor,  has  completed  its  pioneer 
work  in  the  evolution  of  the  alternating  current  system  by  making  such  an  elimination 
possible.  The  single-phase  railway  system  promises,  furthermore,  great  economy  in  line 
construction  ;  a  power  transmission  with  generating  stations  100  miles  or  more  apart  ; 
economical  speed  control  ;  and  the  operation  of  heavy  trains  by  overhead  trolleys  in  the 
place  of  the  costly  and  dangerous  third  rails  required  in  the  direct  current  electric  train 
service  of  the  present  day. 

The  Westinghouse  electrical  exhibits  included,  besides  operative  demonstrations  of 
the  single-phase  traction  system,  and  of  the  latest  type  of  the  Westinghouse  electro- 
pneumatic  control  system  for  direct  currrent  railway  service,  displays  of  Westinghouse 
incandescent  lamps,  Nernst  lamps,  and  Cooper  Hewitt  lamps,  and  electrical  fittings,  and 
an  interesting  group  of  heavy  railway  shop  tools  driven  by  Westinghouse  motors.  The 
single-phase  exhibit  showed  the  complete  equipment  of  a  5O-foot  double  truck  car,  with 
four  100  horse-power  motors,  and  a  form  of  electro-pneumatic  control  through  auto- 
transformers  and  an  induction  regulator.  The  wheels  of  the  trucks  rested  on  greased  rails 
and  so  provided  sufficient  frictional  load  on  the  motors  to  permit  demonstrations  of  variable 
voltage  operation.  Alternating  current  from  a  4OO-kilowatt  Westinghouse  rotary  con- 
verter, running  inverted,  was  received  at  noo  volts  through  two 
oil-insulated  step-up  transformers  placed  near  the  car  platform. 
The  Westinghouse  straight  air  brake  equipment,  with  a  motor- 
driven  air  compressor,  formed  a  part  of  the  operative  exhibit,  the 
motors  and  brakes  being  controlled  by  master  controllers  and 
operating  air  valves  at  each  end  of  the  car  frame.  Westinghouse 
single-phase  motors  are  adaptable  for  operation  over  both  alter- 
nating current  and  direct  current  lines  when  equipped  with  a 
combination  control ;  but  the  control  equipment  for  straight  alter- 
nating current  service  was  the  only  one  exhibited,  as  the  advantages 
of  a  simple  and  highly  efficient  control  found  in  the  alternating 
current  system  are  particularly  desirable  in  the  frequent  stops  and 
variable  speeds  of  city  service,  where  direct  current  operation  over 
Multiple  Control  Switch  established  lines  would  otherwise  be  indicated.  The  standard 


26 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


Operative  Exhibit  of  the  Westinghouse  Direct  Current  Multiple  Control  System 

Westinghouse  single-phase  equipment  is  designed  for  operation  with  a  trolley  circuit  of 
from  3000  to  6000  volts. 

The  operative  exhibit  of  the  Westinghouse  direct  current  multiple  control  system 
was  of  peculiar  interest  not  only  because  of  the  various  new  features  embodied  in  the 
design  of  the  master  controller,  the  reverser,  the  unit-switch  group,  and  other  important 
details  of  the  control  apparatus,  but  also  in  that  the  truck  in  operation,  one  designed 
for  service  on  the  Long  Island  Railroad,  was  probably  the  heaviest  type  constructed  to 
that  time,  the  total  weight,  exclusive  of  the  motors,  being  13,860  pounds.  The  control 
apparatus  included  the  new  rectangular  unit-switch  group,  in  which  every  switch  is  a 
circuit  breaker,  and  the  "  bridging "  arrangement  of  motor  circuits,  which  permits  a 
change  from  series  to  multiple  operation  without  opening  the  circuit.  The  truck  was 
equipped  with  two  Westinghouse  (type  number  113)  motors,  each  of  200  horse-power 
capacity,  a  slight  modification  of  type  number  86  in  use  on  the  subway  cars  of  the 
Interborough  Rapid'Transit  Company  in  New  York. 

The  long  experience  of  the  Union  Switch  and  Signal  Company  in  the  design  and 
construction  of  electro-pneumatic  signaling  devices,  and  the  unequaled  experience  of 
the  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Company  and  the  Westinghouse  Traction  Brake  Company 
in  the  pneumatic  operation  of  railway  brakes  and  train  signals,  have  been  of  great  value 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


550  Horse-power  Gas  Engine  Generating  Unit 


to  the  Westinghouse  Electric  Company  in  the  develop- 
ment of  its  electro-pneumatic  railway  control  systems. 

THE  products  of  the  Westinghouse  Electric  and 
Manufacturing  Company  to-day  include  every 
form  of  electrical  apparatus  required  in  railroad,  light- 
ing, or  power  service,  ranging  from  the  most  delicate 
measuring  instruments  and  the  smallest  commercial 
types  of  motor  to  the  largest  generators,  motors  and 
transformers  ever  constructed.  The  first  of  its  present 
immense  shops  at  East  Pittsburg,  twelve  miles  from 

the  Pittsburg  Union  Station,  was  opened  in  i  895,  with  about  3000  employees.  Extensions 
have  been  made  from  year  to  year,  and  the  total  ground  area  now  occupied  is  47  acres,  and 
the  available  working  floor  space  over  2,000,000  square  feet.  The  company  also  operates 
works  at  Newark,  New  Jersey,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  Allegheny,  Pennsylvania,  and 
maintains  district  offices  in  twenty-two  cities  of  the  United  States,  and  special  foreign 
agencies  in  Mexico,  Brazil,  Chili  and  Japan.  It  sells  also  the  well-known  incandescent 
lamps  of  the  Sawyer-Man  Electric  Company,  of  New  York,  and  the  standard  electrical 
fittings  of  the  Bryant  Electric  Company  and  the  Perkins  Electric  Switch  Manufacturing 
Company,  of  Bridgeport,  Connecticut.  The  total  number  of  employees  in  its  East 
Pittsburg  shops  is  now  over  10,000,  the  total  number  of  East  Pittsburg  employees  being 
increased  to  about  12,000  by  a  working  force  of  2000  in  the  various  departmental 

offices.  In  its  branch  factories  at  Newark, 
Cleveland  and  Allegheny,  and  in  its 
tributary  factories  in  New  York  and 
Bridgeport,  3000  additional  employees 
bring  the  total  number  of  its  working 
force  up  to  15,000.  The  total  floor 
space  of  its  East  Pittsburg  shops,  if  laid 
out  in  the  form  of  a  continuous  building 
of  the  average  width  of  a  large  shop, 
would  extend  for  five  miles.  The  two 
chief  buildings  are  the  main  machine 
shop,  1 200  feet  long  and  370  feet  wide, 
with  five  aisles  and  three  galleries,  fronted 
by  a  six-story  office  building  ;  and  the 
east  machine  shop,  1660  feet  long  and 
230  feet  wide,  with  three  aisles  and  two 
galleries  under  one  roof.  This  is  said  to 
be  the  largest  building  in  the  world  devoted 
wholly  to  manufacturing  purposes.  The 
buildings  are  of  steel  and  brick,  roofed 

Thirty-live-foot  Armature  for  One  of  the  Seventeen  with    slate,  and    in    equipment    and    Oper- 

Sooo-kilowatt  Westinghouse  Generators  for  adon   are    Designed    to    SCCUre  the  highest 

the  Interborough  Rapid  Transit  .  .  . 

Company  productive  efficiency,  and  to  provide  for 


28 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


a  natural  increase  and  development.  The  aggregate  annual  output  of  generators  and 
motors  is  approximately  1,500,000  horse-power.  Forty  cars  a  day  are  required  to  haul 
raw  material  and  finished  product  to  and  from  the  works. 

Many  of  the  largest  early  Westinghouse  electrical  contracts  were  for  export,  and  the 
products  of  the  factories  of  the  Westinghouse  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company  and 
of  the  factories  of  its  affiliated  foreign  companies  are  to  be  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
Great  Britain,  which  was  for  many  years  a  large  importer,  is  now  supplied  by  the  British 
Westinghouse  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company,  Limited,  which  was  organized  in 
1899,  and  manufactures  Westinghouse  electrical  apparatus  in  its  immense  new  shops 
occupying  a  plot  of  150  acres  at  Manchester,  England.  The  Canadian  Westinghouse 
Company,  Limited  ;  the  Societe  Anonyme  Westinghouse,  at  its  LeHavre  works ;  and 
the  Societe  Anonyme  Westinghouse,  of  St.  Petersburg,  manufacture  Westinghouse 
electrical  apparatus  for  their  respective  territories.  The  Westinghouse  Electricitats- 
Actiengesellschaft,  of  Berlin,  sells  Westinghouse  electrical  apparatus  in  Germany,  Austro- 
Hungary,  the  Balkan  States,  Greece  and  Turkey. 


One  of  the  Large  Aisles  in  the  Main  Building  of  the  Westinghouse  Electric  Works  at  East  Pittsburg 


29 


THE  WESTINGHOUSE  COMPANIES 


Newark  Works 
of  the  Westinghouse 
Electric  &  Mfg.  Co. 


Works  of 

The  Bryant  Electric  Co.  and 

The  Perkins  Electric  Switch 

Manufacturing  Co., 

Hridgeport,  Conn. 


East  Pittsb 
The  Westinghouse  Machine  Co.'s  Works 

Cleveland  Works  of  the  V 


3° 


INTERNATIONAL          RAILWAY         CONGRESS 


Works  of 

Sawyer-Man  Electric  Co., 

New  York,  N.  Y. 


Original  Works  of  the 
Westinghouse  Klectric 
&  Mfg.  Co. 
Now  occupied  by 
R.  D.  Nuttall  Co., 
and  Nernst  Lamp  Co., 
Pittsburg,  Pa. 


cnnsylvania 

Westinghouse  Electric  &  Mfg.  Co.'s  Works 
ouse  Electric  &  Mfg.  Co. 


31 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


Six-glower  Nernst 
Lamp 


F  I  ^HE  brilliant  lighting  of  the  Westinghouse  pavilion  by  Nernst  and  Cooper  Hewitt 
A  lamps  afforded  an  attractive  display  of  two  important  American  Westinghouse 
products  which  have  earned  a  place  in  the  general  field  of  artificial 
illumination  no  less  notable  than  that  of  Westinghouse  brakes  and 
signals  in  the  field  of  railway  safety  appliances  or  of  the  Westing- 
house  alternating  current  system  in  the  field  of  electric  traction. 
The  Nernst  Lamp  Company,  of  Pittsburg,  organized  by  George 
Westinghouse  in  1901,  has  played  a  leading  part  in  the  rapid  com- 
mercial development  of  Dr.  Nernst's  invention,  and  to  those  of  the 
delegates  to  the  congress  who  had  not  become  familiar  with  the  new 
lamp  in  Europe,  it  was  one  of  the  distinct  novelties  of  the  Wash- 
ington exhibit.  Its  manifest  superiority  over  all  other  forms  of  lamp 
for  the  artistic  lighting  of  large  buildings  was  well  illustrated  in  the 
dazzling  effect  of 
the  grouping  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty 

three-glower  lamps  in  the  Westinghouse 
pavilion,  and  its  high  efficiency  was 
demonstrated  at  the  exhibit  with  a 
testing  rack  in  which  the  current  con- 
sumption of  an  ordinary  50  candle- 
power  incandescent  lamp  was  shown  to 
be  over  twice  that  of  a  Nernst  lamp  of 
the  same  radiance — comparative  figures 
which  have  encouraged  the  wide  adop- 
tion of  the  Nernst  lamp  by  central 
station  lighting  companies  throughout 
the  United  States,  for  use  on  their 
circuits  wherever  alternating  current  is 
available. 

The  Nernst  lamp  is  made  in  units 
ranging  in  capacity  from  20  to  500 
candle-power,  and  differs  from  the 
ordinary  carbon  filament  incandescent 
globe  in  that  its  light-giving  filament, 
or  glower,  is  a  porcelain  composite  of 
rare  earths,  which  is  maintained  at  an 
extreme  incandescense,  indoors  or  out- 
doors, without  the  aid  of  a  vacuum,  so 
that  the  globe  may  be  freely  removed 
for  cleaning  it,  or  renewing  the  fila- 
ments. Its  beautiful  white  light  has 
recommended  its  adoption  in  many 
large  public  buildings,  and  the  Penn- 
sylvania, the  Michigan  Central,  the  The  Nernst  Lamp  Wattmeter  Test 


32 


INTERNATIONAL          RAILWAY         CONGRESS 


Cooper  Hewitt  l.amp — Type  II 


Long  Island,  the  Wabash,  and  other  leading  American  railroads  have  used  it  extensively 

for   depot    and   office   lighting.      Regarded  at  first  as  destined  to  find  a  special  field  of 

service  in  the  demand  for  lamps  of  a  size 
between  that  of  the  ordinary  incandescent 
globe  and  that  of  the  arc  light,  it  is  rapidly 
invading  also  the  domain  of  the  low-efficiency 
carbon  incandescent  globe  on  the  one  hand 
and  the  unsteady  and  unornamental  arc  lamp 
on  the  other.  About  5000  glower  units  were 
used  in  lighting  the  fine  art  galleries  at  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition. 

The  Pittsburg  factory  of  the  Nernst 
Lamp  Company  has  a  working  floor  space  of 
over  100,000  square  feet,  and  district  offices 
are  maintained  throughout  the  United  States. 
The  exhibit  of  the  Cooper  Hewitt 
mercury  vapor  lamp  presented  to  many  of 
the  delegates  the  first  opportunity  for  a  close 

study  of  this  important  American  invention  and  to   all   the  snapshot  photographs  of 

visitors  taken  under  a  small  "  skylight "   outfit  of  the   mercury  tubes  gave  interesting 

evidence  of  the  high  quality  of  the  mercury  vapor  light.     The  Cooper  Hewitt  Electric 

Company's  display  included  also  a  single-phase  6o-cycle  Cooper  Hewitt  mercury  vapor 

converter,  of  30  amperes  capacity,  complete  with  switchboard,  voltmeter,  ammeter,  and 

regulator,  for  charging  storage  batteries  from  alternating  current  circuits — a  cheaper  and 

simpler  apparatus  for  transforming  alternating  current  to  direct  current  for  such  a  purpose 

than  the  rotary  converter  or  motor-generator  set. 

The  Cooper  Hewitt  lamp  consumes  only  a  half  watt  of  current  per  spherical  candle- 
power,  proportionately  about  one-half  the  current 

required  for  the  electric  arc  lamp  and  one-sixth 

that    required    for    ordinary    incandescent    globe 

lighting.      It    consists    of  a    glass    vacuum    tube 

containing  a  small  quantity  of  metallic  mercury, 

its  light  being  started  by  tilting  the  tube,  either 

mechanically    or    automatically    by    means    of  a 

magnetic  attachment.     This  permits  the  flow  of 

mercury  from   one   end   to  the  other  in  a  small 

stream  which  momentarily  connects  the  electrodes 

at  the  ends  ;  the  resulting  arcing  of  the  current  at 

once  increases  the  pressure  of  the  mercury  vapor, 

which  becomes  incandescent  and  remains  luminous 

until     the    current    supply    is     cut    off.      It     is 

furnished  for  either  direct  current  or  alternating 

current  circuits.     The  burning  life  of  the  tubes  is 

several    thousand    hours.     The    light    produced, 

because  of  the  absence  of  red  rays  in  the  mercury  Cooper  Hewitt  Mercury  Vapor  Converter 


33 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


Nuttall  Electric  Traction  Gear 


spectrum,  is  less  fatiguing  to  the  eye  than 
any  other  artificial  light.  The  diffusion  of 
light  from  long  tubes  prevents  the  forma- 
tion of  confusing  shadows.  Wherever  the 
indication  of  color  values  is  of  secondary 
importance,  as  in  the  lighting  of  railroad 
and  steamship  freight  terminals,  piers  and 
warehouses,  factories  and  machine  shops, 
printing  establishments,  business  offices  and 
drafting  rooms,  its  broad  features  of  efficiency  and  economy  clearly  dictate  its  use. 

THE  R.  D.  Nuttall  Company,  manufacturers  of  gears,  pinions,  and  trolleys, 
exhibited  their  products  in  actual  equipment  on  cars  and  trucks  displayed  in 
various  parts  of  the  exhibition  grounds  at  Washington,  and  in  the  pneumatically- 
operated  pantagraph  bow  trolleys  of  the  Westinghouse  single-phase  locomotive  which 
were  raised  and  lowered  by  compressed  air,  shown  at  East  Pittsburg.  It  maintains 
district  offices  in  seven  American  cities,  and  is  represented  in  Brussels  and  Milan. 

The  trip  of  the  delegates  to  East  Pittsburg  directed  attention  to  another  important 
Westinghouse  company,  the  Pittsburg  Meter  Company,  organized  in  1884,  whose  large 
works  adjoin  the  shops  of  the  Westinghouse  Machine  Company.  This  company 
manufactures  Keystone  water  meters,  Westinghouse  wet  gas  meters,  Westinghouse  dry 
gas  meters,  Westinghouse  proportional  gas  meters,  and  water  and  gas  meter  provers. 
These  meters  are  very  extensively  used  by  many  of  the  leading  railroads  throughout 
the  United  States,  Canada  and  abroad. 

Another  widely-known  Westinghouse  product  is  the  Sawyer-Man  incandescent  lamp. 
The  Sawyer-Man  Electric  Company  was  organized  in  1896,  and  its  works  now  occupy  a 
large  and  commodious  building  in  the  center  of  New  York  City.  The  company  has 
branches  in  twenty  of  the  principal  cities  in  the  United  States. 

IN  view  of  the  impetus  given  to  railway  electrification  projects  by  the  demonstration 
of  the  remarkable  economies  of  the  turbo-electric  power  plant,  and  by  the  advent 
of   the  single-phase  traction    system    and  other  important  electrical   developments,  the 
steam    turbine    might    be    characterized    as    the    stationary    prime    mover    destined    to 
supplant    the    traveling    steam    engine.      The    railway    engineer's    interest    in    central 
station    equipment,  since   the   adoption  of  the   turbo-electric  system  for  the  operation 
of  the  transformed  local  and    terminal    lines    of 
London,   New  York,  and  other  large  cities,  has 
centered  in  the  steam  turbine,  and  the  600  horse- 
power   Westinghouse-Parsons    turbine    set     up 
opened     for    inspection     in     the    Westinghouse 
pavilion  was  studied   closely  by  those   delegates 
who  never  before  had  opportunity  of  seeing  the 
interior  construction  of  a  rotary   engine    of  the 
type  which  has  surpassed  all   others  in  efficiency          The  Trafforf  City  Foundries  of  The  Westing- 
and  in  the  number  and  aggregate  capacity  of  units  house  Machine  Company 


34 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


The  600  Horse-power  Westinghouse-Parsons  Steam  Turbine  Unit 

installed.  The  turbine  on  exhibit,  although  one  of  the  small  sizes  constructed  by  the 
Westinghouse  Machine  Company,  which  has  led  the  world  in  the  manufacture  of  turbines 
of  record  capacity,  was  interesting  as  representative  of  such  large  Westinghouse  turbine  in- 
stallations as  the  70,000  horse-power  Chelsea  station  of  the  London  Metropolitan  District 
Railway;  the  smaller  Neasden  station  of  the  London  Metropolitan  Surface  Railway; 
and  the  30,000  horse-power  station  at  Long  Island  City,  designed  for  an  ultimate 
capacity  of  60,000  horse-power,  to  operate  in  conjunction  with  a  similar  station  on  the 
New  Jersey  shore  in  supplying  current  for  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad's  New  York 
terminal  tunnels  and  the  electrified  portions  of  the  Long  Island  system. 

The  Westinghouse  Machine  Company,  which  has  manufactured  more  steam  engines 
than  any  other  company  in  the  world,  introduced  the  steam  turbine  in  America  in  1896, 
and  the  four  600  horse-power  Westinghouse  turbine  generating  units  in  the  works  of 
the  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Company  have  been  in  service  for  six  years  with  practically 
no  cost  for  repairs.  During  the  past  two  years,  the  turbine  has  supplanted  to  a  great 
extent  the  reciprocating  engine  in  new  power  and  lighting  installations,  and  among  the 
notable  contracts  awarded  to  the  Westinghouse  Machine  Company  and  the  Westing- 
house  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company  for  turbines  and  turbo-generators  have  been 
those  of  the  Brooklyn  Rapid  Transit  Company,  for  two  units  of  a  guaranteed  maximum 


35 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


10,000  Horse-power  Westinghouse-Parsons  Turbine  Unit 
in  the  New  York  Subway  Power  Plant 


capacity  of  15,000   horse-power  each;    of  the    New  York   Edison   and   the   Brooklyn 
Edison  lighting  companies,  for  three  units  of  the  same  capacity  ;  and  of  the  Philadelphia 

Rapid  Transit  Company,  which  has 
already  in  service  six  Westinghouse 
turbine  units  of  an  aggregate  maximum 
capacity  of  1 8,000  horse-power,  and  has 
contracted  for  three  additional  units  of 
a  maximum  capacity  of  about  12,000 
horse-power  each,  for  its  new  power  plant 
under  construction  on  the  Delaware  river, 
which  will  accommodate  ultimately  eight 
units  of  the  same  capacity.  The  turbine 
unit  on  exhibition  at  Washington  was 
1 8  feet  6  inches  long,  with  the  generator 
attached,  4  feet  6  inches  wide,  and 
7  feet  6  inches  high,  and  was  designed 
to  operate  at  a  steam  pressure  of  150  pounds,  with  a  vacuum  of  from  27  to  28  inches. 
The  revolving  field  turbo-generator,  with  a  rated  capacity  of  400  kilowatts,  was  designed 
to  deliver  a  6o-cycle  three-phase  alternating  current  at  440  volts,  7200  alternations. 
This  exhibit  unit  was  of  special  interest  in  that  it  was  of  the  exact  size  and  type  of  the 
little  600  horse-power  Westinghouse-Parsons  turbine  unit  which  ran  under  load 
continuously  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  from  the  morning  of  June  20,  to  the 
morning  of  December  2,  1904,  maintaining  a  speed  of  3600  revolutions  a  minute  for  a 
total  of  3962  hours.  When  that  turbine  was  formally  stopped  and  opened  for 
inspection  on  the  morning  after  the  close  of  the  St.  Louis  Fair,  in  the  presence  of 
Exposition  engineers,  it  was  found  to  be  in  perfect  condition — even  the  bearings  showing 
the  tool  marks  as  when  it  left  the  factory.  During  the  five  and  a  half  months  that  it 
had  been  in  operation  it  had  supplied  current  for  light  and  power  throughout  the 
comprehensive  Westinghouse  exhibits  in  the  machinery,  electricity,  and  transportation 
palaces.  From  8.30 
o'clock  in  the  morning 
to  10.30  o'clock  in  the 
evening,  the  load  carried 
throughout  its  long  run 
had  varied  from  twenty- 
five  per  cent,  underload 
to  twenty-five  per  cent, 
overload.  The  total  load 
carried  was  estimated  at 
i  ,2 1 6,475  kilowatt  hours, 
and  the  total  number  of 
revolutions — 855,792,000 
— approached  the  billion 

mark.        During  this  long  The  Steam  Tur,lille  Plant  at  ,he  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Works 

and    Continuous    run    the  The  First  in  America 


36 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


The  600  Horse-power  Westinghouse-Parsons  Steam  Turbine  Unit,  which  ran  continuously  under  load  for  3962  Hours 

at  the  St.  Louis  Exposition 

28-inch  field  of  the  turbo-generator  revolved  at  a  peripheral  speed  of  7000  miles  every 
twenty-four  hours,  or  over  one-fourth  as  fast  as  the  earth  revolves.  There  have  been 
instances  of  long  continuous  runs  of  piston  engines,  but  it  is  obvious  that  the  steam 
turbine,  with  its  single  rotating  motion,  and  with  the  entire  absence  of  stresses  incident 
to  the  inertia  of  heavy  reciprocating  parts,  might  with  an  insignificant  amount  of  attention 
run  continuously  for  a  number  of  years  with  no  impairment  of  its  mechanical  condition 
or  efficiency. 

The  products  of  the  Westinghouse  Machine  Company,  whose  main  shops  adjoin 
those  of  the  Westinghouse  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company  at  East  Pittsburg, 
include  also  automatic  high-speed  simple  and  compound  steam  engines,  marine  type 
compound  steam  engines,  and  Westinghouse-Corliss  reciprocating  steam  engines  ;  single- 
acting  and  double-acting  gas  engines,  adaptable  for  natural,  illuminating,  producer,  or 
blast  furnace  gases  ;  and  the  Roney  mechanical  stoker,  an  automatic  device  for 
eliminating  the  expense  and  inefficiency  of  firing  boiler  furnaces  by  hand,  which  effects  a 
large  fuel  saving  and  has  been  widely  adopted  in  central  station  installations  of  the  best 
type.  The  company  was  the  first  to  put  upon  the  market  the  non-condensing  compound 
steam  engine.  Among  its  recent  reciprocating  engine  installations  are  the  40,000  horse- 


37 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


power  station  of  the   Metropolitan  Street   Railway  System,  at  Kingsbridge,  New  York 
City,  and  the  70,000  horse-power  Waterside  station  of  the  New  York  Edison  Company, 

where  eleven  Westinghouse- 
Corliss  three-cylinder  com- 
pound engines,  rated  at  6500 
horse-power,  with  a  demon- 
strated efficiency  of  95.2  per 
cent.,  frequently  maintain  a 
load  of  10,000  horse-power. 
The  company  was  organized 
in  1 88 1,  and  its  properties 
to-day,  including  foundries 
at  TrafFord  City,  near  East 
Pittsburg,  and  stoker  works 
at  Craigin,  Illinois,  and 
Attica,  New  York,  have  an 
area  of  about  fifty  acres 
and  are  operated  by  a  force 
of  3  500  men. 


The  Boston  Terminal — South  Station 
\Vcstinjjhouse  Church  Kerr  &  Co.,  Kngineevs  for  Equipment 


THE   Washington  exhibits  of  Westinghouse  Church   Kerr  &  Company  comprised 
large  photographic  illustrations,  drawings  and  specifications  of  important  engineering 
work. 

This  organization — unlike  other  Westinghouse  corporations — has  no  manufacturing 
or  trade  interests  and,  therefore,  nothing  to  sell.  Its  activities  are  directed  toward 
designing  and  constructing  properties,  mainly  railway,  power,  electric,  industrial  and 
hydraulic.  Its  engineering  work  is  characterized  by  the  completeness  with  which  it  is 
undertaken  and  executed.  To  this  end  a  large  and  most  versatile  organization  has  been 
developed  and  perfected  for  the  handling  of  all  branches  of  engineering  :  civil,  mechanical, 
electrical  and  others — thus  enabling  adequate  and  simultaneous  attention  to  be  given  to 
all  classes  of  service  that  an  extensive  undertaking  may  involve. 


Kxterior — The   Long  Island  City  Steam  Turbine  Plant  of 
the  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Long  Island  Rail- 
road.    Westinghouse   Church    Kerr  &   Co., 
Engineers 


Interior — The   Long   Island  City  Steam  Turbine   Plant  of 
the   Pennsylvania,  New   York  and  Long  Island  Kail- 
road.     Three   10,000  horse-power  Westinghouse 
Generating    Units.     Westinghouse    Church 
Kerr  &  Co.,  Engineers 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


Atlanta  Water  and  Electric  Power  Co.,  Chattahoochee  River  Power  Plant 
Westinghouse  Church  Kerr  &  Co.,  Engineers 


The  work  of  creating  properties  from  their  inception  to  readiness  for  commercial 
operation  is  carried  on  by  this  company  directly  for  the  benefit  of  the  client  through 
methods  which  involve  sys- 
tematic accuracy,  dispatch, 
economy  and  effectiveness ; 
saving  for  him  the  advantages 
usually  accruing  to  the  com- 
petent contractor  and  other 
substantial  benefits  as  well. 
The  same  facilities  may  be 
drawn  upon  for  consulting 
engineering  service. 

No    invariable    way    of 
doing  work  has  been  estab- 
lished, the  aim  being  to  supplement  from  time  to  time  existing  facilities  of  others  in 
undertaking  unusual  or  additional  work,  or  to  provide  the  whole  service  that  is  required 
by  those  who  are  without  organization  for  design  and  construction. 

The  organization  has  been  perfected 
by  gradual  growth  and  experience  during 
the  period  in  which  enterprises  have 
advanced  in  magnitude  and  character  from 
those  that  were  leisurely  undertaken  a 
quarter  of  a  century  ago  to  the  large  and 
complex  operations  of  the  present  day 
which  must  be  conducted  with  a  diligence 
and  effectiveness  commensurate  with  their 
size  and  importance. 

A  few  important  undertakings  executed 
by  Westinghouse  Church  Kerr  &  Company  of  especial  interest  are: 

American  Car  &  Foundry  Company,  Detroit,  Michigan,  and  Berwick,  Pa. — Structures 
designed  and  equipment  de- 
signed and  installed. 

Atlanta  Water  &  Elec- 
tric  Power   Company - 
Hydro-electric  development 
and   high   tension    transmis- 
sion. 

The  Boston  Terminal 
Company  —  Entire  equip- 
ment of  South  Station. 

The  Detroit  Edison 
Company — Design  and  con- 
struction of  a  turbine  station 
with  ultimate  capacity  of 
100,000  horse-power. 


American  Car  &  Foundry  Co.,  Berwick,  Pa.,  Simps 
Westinghouse  Church  Kerr  &  Co.,  Engineers 


Terminal  Railroad  Association  of  St.  Louis,  St.  Louis  Union  Station 
Westinghouse  Church  Kerr  &  Co.,  Engineers 


39 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


Detroit  Edison  Company,  Detroit,  Mich.,  Delray  Power  1'lant 
Westinghouse  Church  Kerr  &  Co.,  Engineers 


Lackawanna  &  Wyoming  Valley  Railroad  Company — Entire  design  and  con- 
struction. 

The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company — Electrification  of  western  lines. 

New  York  City  Railway  Company — Electric  railway  power  station,  50,000  horse- 
power. 

Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company — Engineering  and  construction  in  connection  with 
new  tunnel  and  terminal  improvements  in  New  York  City. 

The  Pittsburgh  &  Lake  Erie  Railroad  Company — Entire  equipment  of  Union 
Station,  Pittsburgh,  and  mechanical  equipment  of  McKee's  Rocks  Pennsylvania  shops. 

Terminal  Railroad  Association  of  St.  Louis — Remodeling  and  enlarging  equipment 
for  St.  Louis  terminal  and  East  St.  Louis  shops. 


New  York  City  Railway  Company,  Kingsbridge  Power  Plant 
Westinghouse  Church  Kerr  &  Co.,  Engineers 


40 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


A  Comer  in  the  Motor-driven  Machine  Tool  Exhibit 

THE  Westinghouse  display  would  not  have  been  complete  without  the  exhibit  of 
motor-driven  machine  tools,  to  which  one  entire  corner  of  the  pavilion  was  devoted. 
The  economy  and  flexibility  of  the  electric  drive  being  nowhere  more  appreciated  than  in 
railway  shop  service,  in  which  the  Westinghouse  motors  have  acquired  so  high  a 
reputation,  more  than  ordinary  interest  was  displayed  in  the  tool  exhibit.  The  Niles 
9O-inch  locomotive  driver  lathe  included  in  this  exhibit  was  the  largest  shop  tool  shown 
on  the  Monument  grounds,  and  a  notable  feature  of  all  the  tools  displayed  was  their 
special  design  for  electric  drive,  with  strong  frames  provided  with  platform  or  bedplate 
extensions  for  motor  mounts,  and  shafts  or  clutch  gearings  so  arranged  as  to  permit  a 
variation  of  speeds,  within  sufficiently  wide  ranges,  with  either  constant-speed  or  variable- 
speed  motors.  They  were  all  driven  by  Westinghouse  type  S  shunt-wound  motors, 
operating  on  a  22O-volt  direct  current  circuit. 

Westinghouse  direct  current  and  alternating  current  motors  for  industrial  work  are 
built  in  all  forms  and  styles,  and  in  sizes  ranging  from  a  capacity  of  one-sixth  of  a  horse- 
power to  a  capacity  to  meet  any  requirement  of  the  heaviest  service.  The  aggregate 
output  of  Westinghouse  electrical  apparatus  of  small  size  is  equal  to  the  output  in  large 
machines,  and  every  feature  of  small  motor  design  and  construction  is  the  expression  of 
the  same  highly  trained  engineering  skill  and  scientific  process  that  have  contributed  so 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


largely  to  the  general  success  of  all  Westinghouse  industries.  The  reliability  of 
apparatus  so  built  is  proportionately  as  important  a  commercial  factor  in  industrial  motor 
service,  where  a  few  shut-downs  may  entail  a  loss  greater  than  the  entire  initial  motor 
expense,  as  in  the  marketing  of  great  generating  units,  where  only  the  highest  types  of 
engineering  achievement  are  acceptable. 

The  use  of  electricity  in  the  machine  shop  has  helped  railroad  progress  not  only  in 
the  economies  of  the  individual  tool  drive,  but  in  the  inestimable  advantages  of  electric 
crane  service,  and  in  the  conveniences  of  electric  lighting.  Outside  of  the  shops,  motor- 
driven  turntables  and  transfer  tables  are  found  in  rapidly  increasing  numbers;  the 
motor-driven  fan  is  in  popular  use  to  clear  the  atmosphere  of  blacksmith  forges  and 
roundhouses ;  the  electric  drive  is  facilitating  the  work  of  dredging  and  digging ;  and 
great  reductions  in  the  cost  of  mine  operation  have  been  effected  by  the  motor-driven 
pump  and  hoist.  In  all  these  classes  of  service,  Westinghouse  motors  have  found  a 
wide  field  of  usefulness.  In  alternating  current  service,  the  Westinghouse  type  C  motor 
is  the  original  and  by  far  the  best  known  polyphase  induction  motor  in  the  world,  and 
the  type  F  motor,  a  modification  of  type  C  permitting  a  speed  variation  through  the  use 
of  secondary  resistance,  is  especially  adapted  to  all  work  where  heavy  loads  must  be 
brought  gradually  up  to  speed.  One  of  the  most  interesting  recent  installations  of  this 
type  was  in  the  Cascades  pumping  plant  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  where 
three  2000  horse-power  motors,  the  largest  induction  motors  ever  built,  driving  three 
centrifugal  pumps  of  a  capacity  of  35,000  gallons  a  minute  each,  were  operated  on  a 
6ooo-volt  three-phase  circuit  of  3000  alternations,  and  started,  through  a  connection  to 
grid  resistances,  by  hand  controllers  of  54  steps. 

The  Niles  9O-inch  locomotive  driving  wheel  chucking  lathe  exhibited  at 
Washington,  weighs  about  110,000  pounds,  and  is  the  most  powerful  machine  of  its 
class  ever  constructed.  It  was  operated  by  a  40  horse-power  motor,  of  from  490  to  980 
revolutions  a  minute,  gear  changes  permitting  a  variation  in  cutting  speeds  of  from  10  to 
25  feet  a  minute  on  all  diameters  of  wheels  from  48  to  84  inches  on  the  tread.  The 
tool  rests  were  of  very  massive  design  ;  the  face  plates,  driven  by  internal  gears,  were 
provided  with  openings  for  the  crank  pins,  so  that  wheels  might  be  chucked  close  ;  and 

the  movable  head  was  traversed  by  a 
separate  5  horse -power  motor,  of 
1050  revolutions,  mounted  on  an 
extension  of  the  bedplate  and  geared 
to  the  shaft.  The  diameter  of  the 
face  plates  was  90  inches,  the  distance 
between  them  variable  between  6  feet 
8  inches  and  9  feet,  and  the  swing 
over  bed  92  inches.  Through  the 
simplicity  of  the  motor  control,  the 
rigidity  of  construction,  and  the 
improvements  in  the  chucking  device, 
by  which  tires  were  held  solidly 
against  the  face  plates,  this  machine 
has  a  capacity  of  six  pairs  of  tires  in 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


Niles  go-inch  Driving  Wheel  Chucking  Lathe — Operated  by  Westinghouse  Motors 

a  day  of  ten  hours,  or  more  than  three  times  that  of  driving  wheel  lathes  of  old 
design.  Another  interesting  Niles  tool  in  the  Westinghouse  exhibit  was  a  heavy 
double  axle  lathe,  designed  for  turning  simultaneously  both  ends  of  the  heaviest  axles, 
with  a  center  axle  drive.  This  machine  was  operated  by  a  10  horse-power  motor  of 
from  340  to  1 200  revolutions  a  minute.  It  was  mounted  on  an  extension  of  the  bed- 
plate, and  equipped  with  a  crane,  an  automatic  feed  release,  and  a  rapid  hand  traverse. 
The  diameter  of  the  hole  in  the  central  head  was  12^  inches,  the  maximum  distance 
between  centers  being  8  feet. 

Other  machine  tools  in  operation  were  a  Putnam  rapid  reduction  lathe  designed  for 
roughing  out  pieces  up  to  19  inches  in  diameter,  with  special  devices  for  holding  the 
work  firmly  under  the  deepest  cuts  with  modern  machine  tools ;  and  a  Sellers  universal 
grinding  machine,  for  all  sizes  and  shapes  of  tools.  The  lathe  was  driven  by  a  50 
horse-power  motor  of  from  500  to  1000  revolutions  a  minute,  and  the  grinding  machine 
was  driven  by  a  7^  horse-power  motor  of  975  revolutions  a  minute. 


43 


THE 


WESTINGHOUSE 


COMPANIES 


HE  visit  of  the  delegates  to  the  Westinghouse  shops  at 
East  Pittsburg  on  May  16  is  memorable  for  the  exhibit 
of  a  1350  horse-power  single-phase  freight  locomotive, 
the  first  great  single-phase  locomotive  ever  constructed ; 
and  of  a  model  freight  train  of  fifty  steel  gondola  cars, 
equipped  throughout  with  the  improved  Westinghouse 
air  brake  triple  valve,  the  Westinghouse  friction  draft 
gear,  the  American  brake  slack  adjuster,  and  the  Westing- 
house  automatic  air  coupler.  The  improved  triple  valve 
was  exhibited  also  in  the  brake  equipment  of  a  seventy- 
car  train  in  a  rack  arrangement  to  demonstrate  the  com- 
parative performances  of  the  improved  and  the  ordinary 
types  of  valve.  The  single-phase  locomotive  was  shown 
in  operation  running  light  and  hauling  the  fifty-car  train,  and  the  track  exhibition 
included  also  train  collisions  at  comparatively  high  speeds  arranged  to  demonstrate  the 
great  capacity  of  the  Westinghouse  friction  draft  gear  in  absorbing  and  dissipating  the 
shocks  of  impact  and  reaction. 

The  electric  locomotive  exhibited  was  the  most  powerful  ever  constructed  to  take 
current  from  an  overhead  wire,  and  the  first  alternating  current  locomotive  built  for  use 
in  America.  It  was  divided  into  halves,  designed  for  operation  separately  if  desired, 
each  half  equipped  with  three  225  horse-power  motors.  With  the  motors  at  nominal 
full  load,  the  drawbar  pull  at  ten  miles  an  hour  was  50,000  pounds,  but  dynamometer 
tests  in  hauling  the  fifty-car  train,  weighing  light  2,250,000  pounds,  developed  on 
several  occasions  a  steady  drawbar  pull  of  from  60,000  to  65,000  pounds,  and 
momentary  efforts  as  high  as  100,000  pounds  without  slipping  wheels.  It  was  operated 
from  a  trolley  circuit  of  6600  volts,  the  reduced  motor  voltage  being  variable  between 


Westinghouse  Single-phase  Locomotive  Hauling  5o-car  Freight  Train 


44 


INTERNATIONAL 


RAILWAY 


CONGRESS 


140  and  325  volts  by  a  form  of  induction  regulator  con- 
trol. The  drivers  were  60  inches  in  diameter,  the  unit 
was  45  feet  long  over  all,  9  feet  2  inches  wide,  and  17 
feet  high,  and  the  weight  complete  was  135  tons. 

The  triple  valve  test  rack  represented  two  seventy- 
five-car  trains,  each  similarly  equipped  with  standard 
freight  brake  cylinders  and  auxiliary  reservoirs,  piping 
and  fittings,  the  train  represented  by  the  apparatus  in 

front  using  the  standard  triple  valve  and  the  rear  row  train  the  improved  valve. 
The  train  pipes  were  entirely  separate,  each  train  having  its  own  main  reservoir 
and  operating  valve,  the  two  operating  valves,  however,  being  so  connected  that  it  was 
impossible  to  move  one  handle  without  moving  the  other.  The  brakes  on  both  chains 
were  thus  applied  simultaneously  and  with  the  same  reduction  of  brake  pressure.  The 
cylinder  and  reservoir  sets  were  placed  vertically,  and  the  push-rod  holders  in  the  front 
were  painted  blue  and  those  in  the  rear  red,  so  that  it  was  easy  to  watch  the  application 
of  the  brake  travel  through  the  trains,  and  to  distinguish  between  them.  An  electro- 
pneumatic  device  attached  to  the  brake  cylinder  of  the  seventy-fifth  car  on  each  train 
rang  an  electric  bell  near  the  engineer's  brake  valve  when  the  cylinder  pressure  on  that 
car  had  reached  20  pounds,  so  that  the  length  of  time  required  for  applications  on  trains 
equipped  with  either  the  old  or  the  improved  valves  was  accurately  measured.  The 
tests  showed  the  comparative  operation  of  the  two  types  of  valve  in  service  and  in 
emergency  applications,  and  in  releasing  the  brakes. 


The  improved  Westing- 
house  triple  valves  reduce  the 
time  of  service  application  on 
a  fifty-car  train  practically  one- 
half,  without  danger  of  unde- 
sired  emergency  application, 
and  preserve  all  the  features 
of  sensitiveness  of  graduation 
obtained  in  the  standard  valve. 
They  provide  also  an  even 
recharge  of  auxiliary  reser- 
voirs, and  a  retarded  release 
of  the  brakes  on  the  forward 
end  of  the  train  so  that,  as 
desired,  the  rear  brakes  may 
be  released  first,  or  all  the 
brakes  almost  simultaneously 
— an  improvement  of  great 
value  in  preventing  the  part- 
ing of  trains. 


4S 


THE    WESTINGHOUSE    COMPANIES 


American  Brake  Company,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

The   British   Westinghouse    Electric    and   Manufacturing  Company,   Limited,   London 
and  Manchester,  England. 

The  Bryant  Electric  Company,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Canadian  Westinghouse  Company,  Limited,  Hamilton,  Ontario. 

Cooper  Hewitt  Electric  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  East  Pittsburg  Improvement  Company,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Nernst  Lamp  Company,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

R.  D.  Nuttall  Company,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

The  Perkins  Electric  Switch  Manufacturing  Company,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

Pittsburg  Meter  Company,  East  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Sawyer-Man  Electric  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Security  Investment  Company,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Societe  Anonyme  Westinghouse,  Le  Havre,  France. 

Societe  Anonyme  Westinghouse,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 

The  Traction  and  Power  Securities  Company,  Limited,  London,  England. 

The  Union  Switch  and  Signal  Company,  Swissvale,  Pa. 

The  Westinghouse  Air  Brake  Company,  Wilmerding,  Pa. 

Westinghouse  Automatic  Air  and  Steam  Coupler  Company,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

The  Westinghouse  Brake  Company,  Limited,  London,  England. 

Westinghouse  Church  Kerr  &  Company,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

Westinghouse  Electricitats-Actiengesellschaft,  Berlin,  Germany. 

Westinghouse  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company,  East  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

The  Westinghouse  Foundry  Company,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Westinghouse  Inter-Works  Railway  Company,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

The  Westinghouse  Machine  Company,  East  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Westinghouse  Traction  Brake  Company,  Wilmerding,  Pa. 


46 


mm 


Q2442 


'.  TO  SO 

T^r^r=7T 


N  THE 

SEVENTH     DAY 


^EP75l956~ 


LD21-10Om.7,'40  (6936s  J 


